Biologics

Biologics are a class of medicines made from living cells rather than mixed from chemicals. What sets them apart is precision: instead of dampening the whole immune system, a biologic is designed to block a specific part of it that drives inflammation (Cleveland Clinic). In inflammatory bowel disease they are generally used for moderate to severe disease, often when other medicines have not kept things under control.

How they work

Many biologics used in IBD are anti-TNF medicines: they block a protein called tumour necrosis factor (TNF) that helps drive the inflammation, which is why they can ease Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (Crohn's & Colitis Foundation). Because they target one pathway rather than everything, they are more selective than older, broader immunosuppressants (Cleveland Clinic).

How they are given

Biologics are not usually pills. Some are self-injections under the skin and some are IV infusions (a drip) given at a clinic (Cleveland Clinic). They also tend to be slow to show their full effect: it can take up to 8 to 12 weeks to notice an improvement (Crohn's & Colitis Foundation).

What to keep in mind

Because a biologic quiets part of the immune system, it can make a person more prone to infections, and it can slightly raise the risk of certain cancers, which is why treatment is monitored over time (Cleveland Clinic). Which biologic suits a person, and how the benefits and risks balance out, is a decision made with your IBD team.